Facilities of OPEM

About 260 m2 of lab space including

• Battery and Measurement Techniques Laboratory
• Biophotonics Laboratory 1
• Biophotonics Laboratory 2
• Liquid Measurements Laboratory
• Material Research Laboratory
• Medical Techniques Laboratory
• Mixed Use Laboratory
• Optical Coherence Tomography Laboratory
• Photoacoustics Laboratory
• Printed Electronics Research Laboratory
• Roll-to-Roll Pilot Factory
• Spectroscopic Measurements Laboratory

Inert gas organic/inorganic device fabrication and measurement line

• Sample preparation spaces, spin coating devices, thermal evaporation system, sputtering deposition system, fully equipped OLED/OPV measurement system.
• OLED and OPV measurement system: A flexible concept of the system provide a comprehensive tool for advanced measurements of organic/inorganic electronics parameters. The IV test system is designed for in-depth functionality testing of photovoltaics devices. For OLED testing a broad variety of optical sensors, including photodiodes, color sensors, or luminance cameras can be used as detectors.
• Class AAA solar simulator system with certification of both National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the International System of Units (SI). Unique, automated spectroradiometric measurement system configured for performing device spectral response, reflectance and External/Internal Quantum Efficiency measurements.

Printing

• Dimatix DMP-2831 ink-jet material printers
  - User-fillable print cartridges; 16 nozzles with typical drop sizes of 1 and 10 pL
  - Printable area: 210 mm x 315 mm (substrate thickness < 0.5 mm)
  - Repeatability: ± 25 μm
  - Designed to accurately dispense a wide range of fluid types in micro-amounts for demanding imaging and fabricating applications
• Ekra E2 screen and stencil printer
  - Alignment accuracy: ± 10 μm
  - A large variety of flexible and rigid substrates up to 370 x 450 mm can be printed
• Formlabs Form 3 SLA 3D printer
  - XY resolution: 25 μm
  - Layer thickness: 25 to 300 μm
  - Laser power: 250 mW
  - Build volume: 14.5 × 14.5 × 18.5 cm

Maskless lithography system

• For applications like MEMS, BioMEMS, Integrated Optics, Micro Fluidics or any other application that requires high precision and high resolution microstructures. This tabletop system represents the perfect tool for writing features down to 1 μm on areas of up to 30 x 30 mm2. It provides an easy and fast way to create the microstructures needed research.

Roll-to-roll pilot fabrication and measurement system

• Custom-built
• Used mainly for characterization measurements
  - Web width: up to 12 cm
  - Web speed: up to 20 m/min
• Thermography measurement with induction heating
  - Thermal camera Optris PI 640
  - CEIA PowerCube 32/900 inductive heater with HH10 heating head and custom-made induction coil
• OCT measurement
  - Thorlabs Spectral-domain OCT
• Flexo-printing (limited use)

Material/sample treatment

• Plasma, ultrasonic and UV treatment devices
• Scales
• Oven dryer

Material/particle characterization

• Potentiostat/galvanostat Metrohm VIONIC (2021)
  - Electrochemical workstation powered by INTELLO

  - Compliance voltage: ± 50 V
  - Standard current: ± 6 A
  - EIS frequency: up to 10 MHz
  - Sampling interval: down to 1 µs

• Contact angle measurement system - ink fabrication and viscosity system capable to determine contact angles, surface free energies on different solids and interfacial tensions of liquids with a high degree of accuracy.
• Phase doppler interferometer LaVision/Artium Technologies PDI-TK1
  - Turnkey PDI system for droplet size and velocity as well as spray distribution measurements
  - Drop size measurement ranges: 1:150 μm / 1.5:300 μm / 3:600 μm
  - Laser wavelength: 532 nm
• Flow focusing monodisperse aerosol generator TSI FMAG 1520
  - Liquid flow: 1 to 24 ml/hr; ±0.50%
  - Vibration frequency: 0 to 250 kHz; ±0.1%
  - Droplet diameter: 15 to 90 μm; ±1.0%
  - Particle diameter: 0.8 to 8.5 (solid) or 12 (liquid) μm; ±1.0%

Reliability testing

• Environmental chamber Vötsch VCL 4006

  - Test space volume: 64 L
  - Test space dimensions (wxdxh): 470 x 345 x 400 mm
  Performance for temperature tests
  - Temperature range: -40 to +180°C
  - Temperature rate of change / Heating: 3.5 K/min
  - Temperature rate of change / Cooling: 5.0 K/min
  Performance for climate tests
  - Temperature range: +10 to +95°C
  - Humidity range: 10 to 98%

• Equipment for bending/twisting/stretching of samples
  - Custom-built
  - Computer-controlled

Battery testing

• Arbin LBT21084UC battery testing system (2021)
  - 16 channels
  - Voltage ± 5 V
  - Support for any battery chemistry

Microscopes

• Light microscope Nikon Eclipse LV100DA-U
  - Reflected/transmitted illumination
  - Bright-field/dark-field/polarizing/fluorescence capabilities
  - Objectives: 5x to 100x
• 3D optical microscope Bruker ContourGT-K0 for optical profiling of samples
  - Surface topography with accuracy of 1 nm to 10 mm
  - VSI mode for rough surfaces (roughness greater than 135 nm)
  - PSI mode for smooth surfaces (roughness less than 30 nm)
• Scanning electron microscope JEOL JCM-5000 NeoScope
  - Table top SEM
  - Magnification: 10x to 20 000x

Spectrometers

• Comprehensive photoluminescence (PL) system Fluorolog-QM by Horiba (2022)
  - Fluorolog-QM-75-22-C all reflective spectrofluorometer
  - Sources: 75 W xenon illuminator emitting from 210 nm to the NIR, Pulsed LED with peak wavelength @ 335 nm ± 10 nm
  - True double excitation and emission 350mm Czerny-Turner comacorrected monochromators with gratings (EX.: 300nm-1200l/mm, EM.: 400nm1200l/nm)
  - Detectors: Cooled PMT (185-900nm nominal), cooled InGaAs detector (800- 1700nm, 800-1550nm at LN2 temperature)
  - TCSPC-MCS kit, Solid sample holder, Integrating sphere for direct PLQY sample measurements, Phosphorescence lifetime measurement option

• Thermo Nicolet iS50 FTIR Gold Spectrometer (2021)

  - Spectral range: 11000 to 375 cm-1 (beamsplitter-limited)
  - Spectral resolution: 0.09 cm-1
  - ATR module & Harrick VariGATR (60 to 65º)

• Portable Raman spectrometer B&WTek i-Raman Plus BWS465-785S (2020)
  - Excitation: 785 nm / 340 mW (nominal, at exiting probe)
  - Measuring range: 65 to 3350 cm-1
  - Resolution: < 4.5 cm-1 @ 912 nm
• Spectrophotometer system by Optronic Laboratories
  - Modular system with integrating spheres
  - Source: range 0.25 to 3 µm / high intensity bias lamp
  - Detectors:
  - range 0.25 to 1.1 µm / UV-enhanced Si high-sensitivity module
  - range 0.8 to 1.8 µm / cooled Ge high-sensitivity module
  - Integrating sphere reflectance attachment (range 0.25 to 2.5 µm)
• Fourier spectrophotometer Simex FT-801
  - Spectral range: 1.8 to 18 µm (5500 to 550 cm-1)
  - Resolution: 0.5-8 cm-1
• Spectrometer Ando AQ-6315E
  - Spectral range: 350-1750 nm
  - Resolution: 0.5 nm
• Spectrometer Ophir Optronics WaveStar V
  - Spectral range: 570-1070 nm
  - Resolution: 0.5 nm

Refractometers

• Krüss DR6100-T digital refractometer (2020)

  - Measuring range: nD 1.3200 to 1.700 / 0 to 95% Brix
  - Accuracy: nD ± 0.0001 / ± 0.1 % Brix
  - Resolution: nD 0.0001 / 0.1 % Brix
  - Wavelength: 589 nm
  - Temp. control range / accuracy: 10 to 80 °C / ± 0.1 °C

• Atago DR-M2 1550

  - Measurable refractive index:
  1.3278–1.7379 nD for 450 nm
  1.3000–1.7100 nD for 589 nm
  1.2912–1.7011 nD for 680 nm
  1.2743–1.6840 nD for 1100 nm
  1.2662–1.6759 nD for 1550 nm
  - Accuracy: ± 0.0002
  - Broadband light source with interference filters

• Fiber optic self-mixing interferometer for measuring refractive index change in liquids

Lasers

• Ti: sapphire tunable laser Coherent Chameleon Vision-S
  - Pulse energy: 28.5 nJ
  - Repetition rate: 80 MHz
  - Pulse duration: 75 fs
  - Central wavelength (tunable): 690-1050 nm
  - Average power: 2.3 W @ 800 nm
• Supercontinuum fiber laser NKT Photonics SuperK Extreme
  - Wavelength range: 400 - 2400 nm
  - Output power: 1.5 - 8 W
  - Repetition rate: 1 - 80 MHz
  - Master seed laser pulse: 5 ps
• Ti: sapphire laser CDP Corp. TISSA-50
  - Pulse energy: 5–6 nJ
  - Repetition rate: 86 MHz
  - Pulse duration: < 50 fs
  - Central wavelength (tunable): 750-850 nm
  - Average power: 400-500 mW @ 800 nm
  Pump for Ti:sapphire laser (Millenia Pro 40J, Spectra Physics)
  - Laser diode: 40 W @ 809 nm
  - Nd:YVO4 laser: 20 W @ 1064 nm
  - Frequency doubling by LiB3O5: 5W @ 532 nm
• Solid-state tunable pulsed laser Opotek Opolette HE 355 II
  - Pulse energy: 10 mJ
  - Repetition rate: 20 Hz
  - Pulse duration: 5 ns
  - Wavelength (tunable): 410-2400 nm
• Nd: YAG laser Quantel-Brio Brio
  - Q-switched, pulsed laser
  - Fundamental harmonic (1064 nm): 100 mJ, 20 Hz
  - 2nd harmonic (532 nm): 60 mJ
  - 3rd harmonic (355 nm): 20 mJ
  - Pulse duration: ~ 4 ns
  - Linewidth: 0.7 cm-1 @ 1064 nm and 1.4 cm-1 @ 532 nm
  - Beam diameter: ~ 4 mm
  - Divergence: < 0.6 mrad
• Diode module LeadLight Technology ILM-L3IF-300
  - Wavelength: 1064 nm, CW mode
  - Power: 350 mW
• GaN laser
  - Wavelength: 405 nm
• HeNe laser Melles Griot 05-LHP-151
  - Wavelength: 632.8 nm
  - Power: 5 mW

• Laser Viasho VA-II-N-1064

  - Wavelength: 1064 nm

Cameras

• Streak camera Hamamatsu C5680-22
  - With fast sweep unit M5676 and blanking unit C5680
  - Camera resolution: 1280x1024 pixels
  - Temporal resolution: 2 ps @ 800 nm
  - Max sweep repetition frequency: 10 kHz
• CCD camera Watec America Corp. LCL-902K
  - Low light camera
• Thermal camera Optris PI 640
  - Compact measuring VGA infrared (IR) camera
  - Resolution: 640x480 pixels
  - Temperature range: -20 to 900 °C
  - Spectral range: 8 to 14 µm
  - Frame rate: up to 125 Hz, 32 Hz @ 640x480
• Thermal camera FLIR C5
  - Rugged, pocket-sized infrared (IR) camera
  - Resolution: 160x120 pixels
  - Temperature range: -20 to 400 °C
  - IP54 rated, designed to withstand a 2 m drop

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems

• Thorlabs Spectral-domain OCT with Doppler modality
  - Scanning range: 5 mm (X-Y axes)
  - A-scan rate: 110 kHz
  - Resolution (in air): 5.8 µm (axial), 8 µm (lateral)
  - Sensitivity: 70 dB
  - Central wavelength: 930 nm
• Time-domain OCT by Institute of Applied Physics, Russia
  - Scanning range: 1.25 mm (Z-axis), 2.2 mm (X-Y axes)
  - Resolution (in air): 6 µm (axial), 10 µm (lateral)
  - Components: Superluminescent diode (Superlum, Russia)
  - central wavelength: 910 nm
  - spectral width: 49 nm
  - average power: 0.6 mW
• Time-domain ultrahigh-resolution femtosecond OCT (home-made)
  - Spectrum: 400 to 1700 nm
  - Average power: 20 mW
  - Scanning range: 300 um (Z-axis), 3 mm (X-Y axes)
  - Axial resolution (in air): < 1 µm
  - Components
  - femtosecond laser TISSA-50 (CDP Corp., Russia)
  - photonic crystal fiber FEMTOWHITE 800 (Crystal Fibre, Denmark)
• Time-domain Doppler OCT (home-made)
  - Scanning range: 15 mm (Z-axis)
  - Resolution (in air): 6 µm (axial)
  - Components: Superluminescent diode (Superlum, Russia)
  - central wavelength: 840 nm
  - spectral width: 50 nm
  - average power: 7 mW

Optical tweezers

• A contactless tool for manipulating microscopic particles and cells. A light beam is tightly focused with a high NA microscope objective to a small spot. The light beam intensity gradients generate forces and trap small particles under this illumination.
• Home-made system
  Components:
  Diode module ILM-L3IF-300 (LeadLight Technology, Taiwan)
  - wavelength: 1064 nm, CW mode
  - power: 350 mW
  HeNe laser 05-LHP-151 (Melles Griot, USA)
  - wavelength: 632.8 nm, CW mode
  - power: 5 mW
  Objective LUMPLFL100XW/1.00 (Olympus, Japan)
  - water-immersion
  - numerical aperture: 1.0
  Dichroic mirror (Chroma Technology Corp., USA)
  CCD camera LCL-902K (Watec America Corp., USA)
  Motorized XY-stage MAX201 (Thorlabs, USA)
  - travelling distance: 50 mm (X axis), 75 mm (Y axis)

Photoacoustics

• Photoacoustic measurement system (Russia)
  - Resolution: 0.05 to 0.2 mm (axial), 1.5 to 2 mm (lateral)
  - Probing depth: 0.05 to 0.2 mm (min), 10 to 60 mm (max)
  Components:
  Nd: YAG laser LCS-DTL-324QT (Laser-Export, Russia)
  - pulse energy: 100 µJ @ 1 kHz, 40 µJ @ 10 kHz
  - repetition rate: 0.2-10 kHz
  - pulse duration: 7-10 ns
  - wavelength: 1064 nm
  High-speed laser opto-acoustic transducer (FST-10#1)
  - piezoelement: LiNbO3
  - frequency bandwidth: 1-70 MHz
  - operation time gate: 5 µs
  - probing depth: 0.05-6 mm
  - axial resolution: 0.05 mm
  Wideband laser opto-acoustic transducer (FST-13M#1)
  - piezoelement: 30 µm thick PVDF film
  - frequency bandwidth: 0.5-15 MHz
  - operation time gate: 22 µs
  - probing depth: 0.2-60 mm
  - axial resolution: 0.2 mm
• Photoacoustic measurement system (home-made)
  Components:
  Solid-state pulsed laser OPO
  - wavelength: 400 to 900 nm
  - pulse energy: mJ (visible and NIR spectral range)
  Transducers
  - frequency bandwidth: 0.5 to 2 MHz

Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) system by Becker & Hickl (2022)

• Includes e.g. SPC-130INXX TCSPC Module, and PM-100-50C peltier cooled Hybrid GaAs Photodetector
• The system is configured for blood perfusion measurements by diffuse optical correlation technique

Electrical analyzers

• Semiconductor device analyzer
• Electrochemical analyzer
• Network Analyzer Rohde & Schwarz ZVB20 (up to 20 GHz)
• Spectrum Analyzer Anritsu MS2687 (up to 30 GHz)
• Spectrum Analyzer Anritsu (up to 6.5 GHz)
• Spectrum Analyzer Advantest R3267 (up to 8.6 GHz)
• Rohde Schwarz ZVB20 network analyzer
• Hioki 3522-50 LCR HiTester

Other equipment

• Femtosecond autocorrelator 41B
• Pulse picker CDP Corp. OG8-1-1
• Amplifier Research, AR RF Amplifier
• Kalmus EMC Amplifier 713FC, Power Output: 15 Watts, Frequency Range: 10 - 1000 MHz
• JTAG 3705 Explorer with 1149.4 capabilities
• Basic laboratory equipment like multimeters, power sources, oscilloscopes, optomechanics etc.

Kari Remes