Primary Metallurgy

The Primary Metallurgy Research Group, led by Associate Professor Ville-Valtteri Visuri, investigates melting, smelting and refining processes, which are central to modern crude steel production. Our field of work covers key areas such as electric arc furnaces (EAF), electric smelters (SAF, OSBF) and converter metallurgy, including argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD), basic oxygen furnaces (BOF), and hot metal desulphurisation (HMD) prior to BOF processing. We also explore hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR), a one-step process that integrates reduction, melting, and refining.

Our current research projects focus on developing sustainable and cost-efficient steelmaking practices, with particular emphasis on CO₂-free direct reduced iron (DRI) in EAFs and smelters, as well as applying HPSR to the reduction of iron ores and chromite. Through experimentation, simulation, and detailed process analysis, we seek to establish CO₂-lean operating practices in collaboration with key innovators in the steel industry. Methodologically, we specialise in dynamic mathematical modelling, computational thermodynamics, high-temperature experiments, and the characterisation and modification of metallurgical slags.

The group consists of around 15 full-time personnel and collaborates with various leading research groups. Our work is supported by a broad funding base, including projects funded by the European Union, Business Finland, the Academy of Finland, industrial companies, and several foundations. We also welcome visiting researchers who are interested in contributing to developments in primary metallurgy and sustainable steel production.